Nickel: A Review on Environmental Distribution, Toxicokinetics, and Potential Health Impacts

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Nickel (Ni), a transition metal, is considered one of the most important and highly distributed pollutants in the environment. On earth, it is the 24th most prevalent element that is commonly used in metallurgical processes, mainly electroplating and alloys, jewelry, coins, and steel production, as well as in orthodontic appliances, batteries, and others. The extensive use of Ni-containing products leads to its massive release into the environment, causing potential adverse health effects. Toxicokinetics studies showed rapid absorption and systemic distribution of Ni to various organs following exposure to the contaminated air, water, or food. Nickel compounds mostly evoke their toxic effects via the induction of oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, which may trigger lipid peroxidation of organelles and cell membranes and damage essential macromolecules involving DNA or proteins, causing cell injuries and even cell death. Also, Ni induces cell damage by forming a complex with the sulfhydryl group of protein as well as substituting iron, zinc, and copper in metallic enzymes. Previous in vitro and in vivo research revealed that exposure to Ni is accompanied by metabolic and endocrine disorders, multi-organ dysfunctions, and carcinogenicity. This review presents up-to-date knowledge on the sources, kinetics, and toxicological profile of Ni, focusing on health impacts and mechanisms of toxicity.

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Journal of Current Veterinary Research
Volume 7, Issue 1
April 2025
Pages 113-129

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